25 Aralık 2013
Visual Impairment
What does Visual Impairment mean?
Visual impairment is when a person has sight loss that
cannot be fully corrected using glasses or contact lenses. It's important to
visit an optometrist (optician) for an eye test at least every two years
so they can check for signs of vision loss.
How vision is tested and measured
visual acuity –
central vision used to look at objects in detail, such as reading a book or
watching television visual field – ability to see around the edge of your
vision while looking straight ahead
Visual acuity testing:
A test called the Snellen test is often used to
measure your visual acuity. It involves reading letters off a chart on which
the letters become progressively smaller. This chart is used during a routine
eye test.
After the test you are given a score for your visual
acuity. A Snellen score consists of two numbers. The first number represents
how far away from the chart you were able to successfully read the letters on
the chart. The second number represents how far away a person with healthy
vision should be able to read the chart.So if you were given a visual acuity
score of 6/60, it means you can only read at 6 metres away what a person with
healthy eyesight can read at 60 metres away.
Visual field testing:
There are a number of different tests that can be used to assess
your visual field.One test involves looking straight ahead at a device while
lights are flashed on and off at the edges of your vision. You will
be asked to press a button every time you see a light. This shows any gaps
in your field of vision.
Alternatively, you may be asked to follow an object (or the
tester's hand) with your eyes as it is moved across your field of vision.
You will be asked to say when you first see the object and when you can no
longer see it.
Types of visual impairment
Visual
impairment is usually classified as either ’sight impaired’ or ‘severely sight
impaired’. These classifications are based on the results of the tests
described above.
Sight impaired
Sight impairment, previously called ‘partial sight’, is usually defined as: having poor visual acuity (3/60 to 6/60) but having a full field of vision, or having a combination of slightly reduced visual acuity (up to 6/24) and a reduced field of vision or having blurriness or cloudiness in your central vision, or having relatively good visual acuity (up to 6/18) but a significantly reduced field of vision.
Severely sight impaired
The legal definition of severe sight impairment (which was previously called ‘blindness’) is when ‘a person is so blind that they cannot do any work for which eyesight is essential’.
This usually falls into one of three categories: having very poor visual acuity (less than 3/60), but having a full field of vision having poor visual acuity (between 3/60 and 6/60) and a severe reduction in your field of vision having slightly reduced visual acuity (6/60 or better) and a significantly reduced field of vision.
Causes of visual impairment
Some of the most common causes of visual impairment include: age-related macular degeneration (AMD) – where the central part of the back of the eye (the macula, which plays an important role in central vision) stops working properly cataracts – where cloudy patches can form within the lenses of the eyes glaucoma – where fluid builds up inside the eye, damaging the optic nerve (which relays information from the eye to the brain) diabetic retinopathy – where blood vessels that supply the eye become damaged from a build-up of glucose
taken
from: www.nhs.uk/conditions/Visual-impairment/Pages/Introduction.aspx
Altruistic old Woman
The woman was patient and lie down on her bed and she was watching the people. While watching the people suddenly appeared black clouds and she had frightinned. The woman had remembered the days when newly married,because while walking on the road with her husband suddenly black clouds appeared and happend a storm and unfortunately she had lost her husband in that accident.
The old woman, "Again it will happen"she thought. The old woman vengeance begin to screaming, but no one heard the old woman. While the woman was talking to herself in a desperate way;she thought the storm will occur accompanied by the waves to break the ice, everyone will slump in water and die! Again she had screaming but no one heard the old woman. Then an idea appeared inher mind and she burned her window and everyone who see this fire, ran toward the woman's house.
While running toward the woman's house the storm break out and the people saved from drowning in the lake.
Sick and infirm women, giving fire to the her house,saved the city people an inevitable death.
4 Aralık 2013
3 Aralık 2013
What does Educable and Trainable mean? Trainable Mentally Retarded Children
What does Educable mean?
" An educable mentally handicapped student is a student who is mildly impaired in intellectual and adaptive behavior and whose development reflects a reduce rate of learning. The measured intelligence of an educable mentally handicapped student generally falls between two and three standard deviations below the mean, and the assessed adaptive behavior falls below that of other students of the same age and socio-cultural group."
What does Trainable mean?
"A trainable mentally handicapped student is a student who is moderately or severely impaired in intellectual and adaptive behavior and whose development reflects a reduce rate of learning. The measured intelligence of a trainable mentally handicapped student generally falls between three and five standard deviations below the mean, and the assessed adaptive behavior falls below that of other students of the same age and socio-cultural group."taken from:ese.sbmc.org/mentally_handicapped.htm
Trainable Mentally Retarded Children
What are the causes of mental disability?
Prenatal problems:
- during the pregnancy formation of infectious diseases
- accidents and poisonings
- the x-ray
- malnutrition
During the birth:
- Anoxia during the birth of the baby
- transmitted infections to the baby during birth
- during the birth some of the tools used (vacuum, forceps, etc.) hurt the baby
- early or late birth
After the birth:
- inflammatory diseases (measles, meningitis, etc.)
- accidents, poisoning leads to brain damage
- structural defects and hormonal irregularities that affect the brain development
Other problems:
- consanguineous marriage
- chromosomal disorders
- blood incompatibility
General Characteristics of Trainable Mentally Retarded Children
Motor development
- Physical development can be a very backward or at a standstill
- Arm and leg muscles are developed, some children can do body movements (walking, running, climbing stairs, etc.) with normal peers at the same time,some of them may be delayed a bit more than their peers
- Manual dexterity is increased,such as they like cut paper with scissor
- Become sick more often than normal peers
Mental development
- They learn academic concepts and structures slowly and hard. The most troublesome issues are mathematical problems and word orders.
- Attention span is short and messy. They want to promoting,change and continuous monitoring.
- Concrete things easier and better comprehend.
- The concept of the time develops difficult and too late.
- Speech begin too late,speech development is proportional to the degree of mental disability.
- They can not make generalizations.
- Their learning speed is slow and learn part to whole.
The development of language
- There are some disorders in speech soudns.
- Vocabulary is weak.
- Expressive language development is weak.
- Speeches are not fluent.
- Have difficulty in explaining what they read.
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